What is sea water used for

Introduction Water is generally defined as a liquid which is shaped by the container that it is filled in and is able to have many variants of colours.

Table 1. Total amount of elements in deep sea water [ 8 ]. Table 2. Amount of elements in the surface seawater and deep sea water [ 6 ]. Increase in daily faecal lipid of TG and TC and bile acid outputs. Increased plasma HDL cholesterol. Decreased lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolemic subjects.

Table 3. Increased cardiac survival signalling components in LV of mice. Change in Fas and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic components in LV of mice. Change in apoptosis related proteins and cardiac apoptotic cells in LV of mice. Decreased LV diameter, LV thickness, and ratio of thickness to diameter in hearts.

Decreased levels of Fas, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, t-Bid, and cleaved caspase Increase of serum trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity TEAC. Lowered systolic, diastolic pulse, mean arterial pressures, and total peripheral resistance. Table 4. Reduced lipids accumulation in liver tissues, and limited aortic fatty streaks. Suppressed foam cell formation.

Increased glutathione peroxidase GPx activity. Reduced lipid accumulation in liver and permeation of macrophages in CFD rabbits. Table 5.

Decreased systolic and diastolic pressure. Lowered systolic, diastolic pulse, and mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance. Table 6. Inhibited increase in adipocyte size.

Suppressed the expression of adipogenic, lipogenic, lipolytic, and proinflammatory cytokine genes. Increased the expression of adipokines and b-oxidation genes in fat. Increased the expression of GLUT4, adiponectin, and leptin. Decreased the expressions of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c SREBP1c and fatty acid synthase Fas , which are involved in lipogenesis; adipose triglyceride lipase ATGL and hormone-sensitive lipase HSL , which are involved in lipolysis.

Reduced plasma glucose levels by Increased glucose disposal. Increased plasma protein levels of adiponectin. Decreased plasma protein levels of resistin, RBP4, and fatty acid binding protein. Table 7. Stimulated phosphoinositolkinase and AMPK pathway-mediated glucose uptake. Regulated blood glucose levels by inhibited glucose production and enhanced glucose uptake via regulation of gene expression. Downregulated the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase PEPCK and glucose 6-phosphatase G6Pase , both of which are required for gluconeogenesis; glucokinase GK and citrate synthase CS , both of which are required for glucose oxidation; and liver glycogen phosphorylase LGP , which is required for glycogenolysis.

Upregulated glycogen synthase GS expression. Suppressed the expression of hepatic genes involved in glucogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glucose oxidation.

Improved impaired AMPK phosphorylation in the muscles and livers. Recovered size of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and increased the secretion of insulin and glucagon. Increased adiponectin levels. Upregulated the expression of GS for glycogenesis. Increased adiponectin levels in plasma. Table 8. Decreased epidermal thickness and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Balanced certain minerals in the body.

Improved skin symptoms such as inflammation, lichenification, and cracking in skin. Restored essential minerals such as Se and reduced the level of toxic minerals such as mercury and lead.

Table 9. Increased the phosphorylation level of AMPK by Improved liver function. Improved severe liver steatosis. Regulated mitochondrial biogenesis and function in liver. Regulated hepatic fatty acid homeostasis. Improved hepatic antioxidative levels. Attenuated hepatic damage. Increased daily faecal lipid and bile acid outputs. Maintained higher liver glutathione and TEAC levels. Reduced lipid peroxidation status MDA content in liver. Table Reduced exhaustive period. Improved the ratio of lactic acid elimination to lactic acid increment.

Increased circulating creatine kinase CK and myoglobin; indicatives of exercise-induced muscle damage, were completely eliminated, in parallel with attenuated oxidative damage. DSW influenced oxidative stress genes expression. Upregulated antioxidant and antiapoptotic genes and downregulated proapoptotic gene expression by DSW of hardness and , respectively. Enhanced Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1 expression. DSW activated the expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase 2 Fmo2 , Gpx1, Gpx5, Gpx6, glutathione reductase Gsr , nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible Nos2 , thioredoxin reductase 1 Txnrd1 , superoxide dismutase 1 Sod1 , some antioxidant-related genes, peroxiredoxin 4 Prdx4 , and selenoprotein P plasma 1 Sepp1.

DSW upregulated expression of apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated 1 Aifm1 , DNA-damage-inducible, alpha Gadd45a , myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 Mcl 1 , and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis Xiap. Increased overall amounts of catechins.

Reduced less opaque and nitric oxide NO levels. Mg suppressed Ca influx into the lens. Anti- H. Increased trabecular numbers through micro-CT examination. Decreased serum alkaline phosphatase ALP. Decreased plasma glucose levels in the DSW group by Decreased serum levels of glucose, TAG, and leptin.

Decreased size of the epididymal white, retroperitoneal white, and scapular brown adipose tissue. Increased 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl DPPH radical scavenging activities by Increased amounts of catechins and caffeine. Effects of functional deep sea water with other substances. References H. Hwang, H. Kim, S. Lee, and J. Katsuda, T. Yasukawa, K. Nakagawa et al. Aris, R. Kam, A. Lim, and S.

Fu, F. Yang, H. Hsu, and Y. Hsu, Y. Chang, C. Chiu et al. Sheu, P. Chou, W. Lin et al. Ueshima, H. Fukao, K. Okada, and O.

Takahashi and P. View at: Google Scholar M. Michelle and K. View at: Google Scholar Y. Ouchi, R. Tabata, K. Stergiopoulos, F. Sato, A.

Hattori, and H. View at: Google Scholar R. Watson, T. Kokot, M. Nowakowska-Zajdel, and S. Hwang, S. Kim, Y. Yoo et al. View at: Google Scholar S. Lewicki, R.

Zdanowski, M. Krzyzowska et al. Pechova and L. View at: Google Scholar Z. View at: Google Scholar A. Seale, L. De Jesus, M. Park, and Y. He, J. Hao, W. Peng, P. Qiu, C. Li, and H. Chang, B. Tzang, T. Yang, Y. Hsiao, H. Yang, and Y. Miyamura, S.

Yoshioka, A. Hamada et al. Kimura, H. Tai, K. Nakagawa, Y. Yokoyama, Y. Ikegami, and T. Kimura, R. Takeda, T. Takeda et al. Hamada, T. Cui et al. Shen, T. Chen et al. Ha, J. Park, H. Cho, and Y. Park, E. Shin, and Y. Ha, E. Shin, J. Bak, Y. Kim, J. Son, C. Kim, and E. Hataguchi, H. Tai, H. Nakajima, and H. Kimata, H. Salt water helps eliminate toxins and other elements that attack the lungs. The ingestion of small amounts of ocean water facilitates the cleansing of the colon, detoxifies the body, and renews the body's energies, especially in children.

Ocean water accelerates the process of cell regeneration, especially those damaged by diseases such as cirrhosis. It also helps eliminate the excess water accumulated in the abdomen that occurs due to the disease.

Because it helps normalize blood pressure and treats nervousness, a day at the beach will help you sleep better and naturally boost your mood. How to improve your duck dive technique in 4 simple steps. What is and how to treat a neoprene wetsuit allergy. The curious story of Mr. Zog's Sex Wax.

The health benefits of sea water Surfing. The list of sea water health benefits is nearly endless. But, even if it only had a placebo effect on our physique, our brain would still drive us to the beach. But salt water has many other surprising benefits: Sea Water Cleans Your Skin The mineral salts team up with the sun to regenerate your skin. Sea Water Strengthens the Immune System The number of red blood cells increases between five to 20 percent after a swim or bath in the sea. Sea Water Slows Down the Development of Rheumatism Ocean water combined with exercise is a great medication for bone and muscle pain, arthritis, circulatory, and post-surgical issues.

Sea Water Reduces and Eliminates Anxiety Because it contains magnesium, sea water will calm you down. Sea Water Has Cicatrization Properties Because it is rich in mineral salts such as sodium and iodine, ocean water has antiseptic and cicatrizing actions on your skin. The mechanism for this is not well understood as of , but research efforts in the area of cancer prevention using DSW continue.

It is also believed that DSW can mitigate some of the symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Kevin Beck holds a bachelor's degree in physics with minors in math and chemistry from the University of Vermont. Formerly with ScienceBlogs. More about Kevin and links to his professional work can be found at www. Freshwater has less than 1, ppm parts per million of NaCl in water.

Slightly saline water ranges from 1, ppm to 3, ppm. Moderately saline water ranges from 3, ppm to 10, ppm. Finally, highly saline water ranges from 10, ppm to 35, ppm. About 13 percent a little over one-eighth of the water in the U. While its salinity makes it unusable in some ways, this doesn't limit its use in, for example, the mining industry, in which over half of the water uses is salt water. In , the use of water in the U. About 3 million Americans are employed as a result of industries centering on marine activities.